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1. ½´Æ¼¸£³ÊÀÇ »ý¾Ö

“ÇêµÇµµ´Ù! ÇêµÇ°í ÇêµÇµµ´Ù!”
“Ich hab’ Mein’ Sach’ auf Nichts gestellt.”
“All Things Are Nothing To Me.“*

¸·½º ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê(Max Stirner; 1806~1856)ÀÇ ´ëÇ¥Àû Àú¼­¡¶À¯ÀÏÀÚ¿Í ±× ¼ÒÀ¯(Der Einzige und sein Eigenthum)¡·(ÀÌÇÏ,¡¶À¯ÀÏÀÚ¡·)**´Â ÀÌ ¸»·Î ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù. ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ÀÌ·¸°Ô ‘ÇêµÇ´Ù’¸ç ź½ÄÇϸç ÀÌ Ã¥À» ½èÀ»±î? ÀÌ Åº½ÄÀº ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ Ç°°í ÀÖ´Â ‘±¹°¡ÀÇ º¸Æí¼º’¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆÇ°ú Á÷°áµÈ´Ù.

½´Æ¼¸£³Ê¸¸Å­ ±¹°¡¿Í °³ÀÎÀ» ´ëºñ½ÃÄÑ Ã¶ÀúÇÏ°Ô ±¹°¡¸¦ ºñÆÇÇÏ°í, °³ÀÎÀÇ ÁÖü¼ºÀ» Ž±¸ÇÑ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚ´Â ¾ø´Ù°í Çصµ °ú¾ðÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×´Â ÇÁ·ÎÀ̼¾ÀÇ Ã»³â Çì°ÖÇÐÆÄ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚ·Î Ãâ¹ßÇßÁö¸¸, ±×ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀº Ç㹫ÁÖÀÇ¿Í °³ÀÎÁÖÀÇ¿¡ Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢ÃÆ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ‘¿¡°íÀ̽ºÆ® ¿¬ÇÕ’À» ÁÖâÇÑ ±×´Â »çȸÁÖÀÇÀû ¾Æ³ªÅ°½ºÆ®ÀÎ ÇÁ·çµ¿À̳ª ¹ÙÄí´Ñ°ú´Â ´Þ¸® °³ÀÎÁÖÀÇÀû ¾Æ³ªÅ°½ºÆ®·Î ºÒ¸®±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù.

½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â 1806³â 10¿ù 25ÀÏ µ¶ÀÏ ¹ÙÀÌ·ÎÀÌÆ®(Bayreuth)¿¡¼­ Ç÷çÆ®¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â ÀåÀÎÀÎ ¾Æ¹öÁö ½´¹ÌÆ®(Albert Christiam Heinrich Schmidt)¿Í ¾î¸Ó´Ï ¿¤·¹³ë¶ó(Sophia Elenora) »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ž´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×ÀÇ ºÎÄ£Àº ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê°¡ ž Áö 6°³¿ù¸¸¿¡ Æó°áÇÙÀ¸·Î »ç¸ÁÇÏ°í, ±×ÀÇ ¸ðÄ£Àº 2³â ÈÄ ±ÃÁ¤¾Ç»çÀÎ ¹ß·¯½ºÅ×Æ®(Heinrich Friedrich Ludwig Ballerstedt)¿Í ÀçÈ¥ÇÑ´Ù.

1826³â 9¿ù, ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â ±è³ªÁö¿òÀ» Á¹¾÷ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¶§±îÁöÀÇ ±×´Â Á¶¿ëÇÑ ¼º°ÝÀÇ ÂøÇÏ°í ¸ð¹üÀûÀÎ ÇлýÀ̾ú°í, Å©°Ô µÎµå·¯Áø Á¡Àº º¼ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ½´Æ¼¸£³ÊÀÇ º»¸íÀº ¿äÇÑ Ä«½ºÆĸ£ ½´¹ÌÆ®(Johann Caspar Schmidt)ÀÌ´Ù. ¾î¸± Àû ±×ÀÇ µÎµå·¯Áø À̸¶ ¶§¹®¿¡ Ä£±¸µéÀº ‘¸·½º ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê’¶ó´Â º°¸íÀ¸·Î ºÒ·¶´Âµ¥, ÈÄÀÏ ±×´Â À̸¦ ÇʸíÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù.

1826³â 10¿ù, º£¸¦¸°´ëÇÐÀÇ Ã¶Çкο¡ ÀÔÇÐÇÏ¿© 4Çб⠵¿¾È Çì°Ö, ½¶¶óÀÌ¿¡¸£¸¶Çã(Schleiermacher) µî ´ç´ëÀÇ À¯¸íÇÑ Ã¶ÇÐÀڷκÎÅÍ 4Çб⠵¿¾È öÇÐÀ» ¹è¿î´Ù. 2³â ÈÄÀÎ 1828³â Á¤½ÅÁúȯÀ» ¾Î´ø ¸ðÄ£À» µ¹º¸±â À§ÇØ Àá½Ã Çо÷À» Áß´ÜÇÏ°í, 1832³â º£¸¦¸°´ëÇп¡ ÀçÀÔÇÐÇÑ´Ù. 1834³â 4¿ù, ±³¼öÀڰݽÃÇèÀ» Åë°úÇÏ°í, ¸î ÇØ µ¿¾È º£¸¦¸°ÀÇ ½´Æ¿·¹ÄÉ¿Õ¸³½Ç¾÷Çб³(Spileke's Königliche Realschule zu Berlin)¿¡¼­ ¹«º¸¼ö°ß½À±³»ç·Î Áö³½´Ù. ±×·¯´Ù 1839³â 10¿ù º£¸¦¸°ÀÇ ±×·ÎÇǿ콺¿©Çб³(“Lehr-und Erziehungs-Anstalt für höhere Töchter” der Madame Gropius)¿¡ ±³ÆíÀ» Àâ°Ô µÇ¸é¼­ ºñ·Î¼Ò ±×ÀÇ »ýÈ°Àº ¾ÈÁ¤À» ã´Â´Ù.

½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â ÀÌ ¿©Çб³¿¡¼­ ¿ª»ç¿Í µ¶ÀϾ °¡¸£Ä¡¸é¼­ 5³â°£ ±Ù¹«ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ±â°£¿¡ ±×ÀÇ ÇàÀû¿¡¼­ Ư±âÇÒ¸¸ÇÑ »çÇ×Àº, º£¸¦¸°ÀÇ Ã»³âÇì°ÖÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ Çмú¸ðÀÓÀÎ <ÇÁ¶óÀÌ¿£(Die Freien)>¿¡ Âü°¡ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±× ¸ðÀÓÀº º£¸¦¸° ÇÁ¸®µå¸®È÷°¡¿¡ ÀÖ´ø ÈüÆç(Hippel)ÀÇ ¿ÍÀιٿ¡¼­ ¿­·È´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡¼­ ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â ¹Ù¿ì¾î(Bruno Bauer), ¸¼½º(Karl Marx), ¿¨°Ö½º(Friedrich Engels) ¹× ·ç°Ô(Arnold Ruge) µî°ú ±³·ùÇϸ鼭 ±×ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐ »ç»óÀÇ Ã¼°è¸¦ ´Ùµë´Â´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿¡ ±×´Â <¶óÀνŹ®(Die Rheinische Zeitung)>°ú <¶óÀÌÇÁÄ¡È÷½Å¹®(Leipziger Allgemeine Zeitung)> µî ¿©·¯ ½Å¹®°ú ÀâÁö¿¡ ±ÛÀ» ¾²±â ½ÃÀÛÇßÀ¸¸ç, ¼ö¸¹Àº ³í¹®À» ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ¹ÝÇØ Àú¼­´Â ¸¹Áö ¾Ê´Ù.  1844³â 11¿ù¿¡´Â ±×ÀÇ ÁÖÀú(ñ«îÊ) ¡¶À¯ÀÏÀÚ¡·¸¦, ±×¸®°í 1852³â¿¡´Â ¡¶¹Ýµ¿ÀÇ ¿ª»ç(Geschichte der Reaktion¡·¸¦ µÎ ±ÇÀ¸·Î ¹ß°£ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

1843³â ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â <ÇÁ¶óÀÌ¿£>¿¡¼­ ¸¸³­ ÁöÀûÀÌ°í ÀÚÀ¯ºÐ¹æÇÑ ¼º°ÝÀ» °¡Áø ´íÇϸ£Æ®(Marie Dähnhardt)¿Í °áÈ¥ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Á¶¿ëÇÏ°í ³»¼ºÀûÀÎ ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê¿Í ÀÚÀ¯ºÐ¹æÇÏ°í È°´ÞÇÑ ¼º°ÝÀÇ ´íÇϸ£Æ®´Â óÀ½ºÎÅÍ ¼º°ÝÀÌ ¸ÂÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. °áÈ¥ ÈÄ 3³â ÈÄÀÎ 1846³â ºÎºÎ´Â ÀÌÈ¥ÇÑ´Ù. ±× ÈÄ ´íÇϸ£Æ®´Â °¡Å縯À¸·Î °³Á¾ÇÏ°í, 1902³â ·±´ø¿¡¼­ »ç¸ÁÇÏ¿´´Ù. ºñ·Ï ÀÌÈ¥ÇßÀ½¿¡µµ ´íÇϸ£Æ®¸¦ ÀØÀ» ¼ö ¾ø¾úÀ»±î? ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â “³ªÀÇ ¿¬ÀÎ ¸¶¸® ´íÇϸ£Æ®¿¡°Ô(to my sweetheart Marie Dähnhardt)”¶ó¸ç¡¶À¯ÀÏÀÚ¡·¸¦ ´íÇϸ£Æ®¿¡°Ô ÇåÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù.

¡¶À¯ÀÏÀÚ¡·Ãâ°£À» ÇÑ ´Þ ¾ÕµÐ 1844³â 10¿ù, ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â ±×·ÎÇǿ콺¿©Çб³¿¡¼­ ÅðÁ÷ÇÑ´Ù. ±× À̵ëÇØ ¿ìÀ¯¹è´Þ»ç¾÷À» ½ÃÀÛÇÏÁö¸¸ ½ÇÆÐÇÏ°í, ±× ÀÌÈÄ ¸»³â±îÁö °ï±ÃÇÑ »ýÈ°À» ÇÑ´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î ¿¬ÀÌÀº »ç¾÷ ½ÇÆзΠ乫¸¦ °±Áö ¸øÇÑ ±×´Â 1853³â°ú 1854³â »çÀÌ µÎ Â÷·Ê¿¡ °ÉÃÄ 2°³¿ù µ¿¾È °¨¿Á»ìÀ̸¦ ÇØ¾ß Çß´Ù. ±×·¯´Ù ±×´Â 1856³â 5¿ù ¹ú·¹¿¡ ¹°·Á ¿­º´À» ¾Î´Ù°¡ ±× ´ÙÀ½ ´ÞÀÎ 6¿ù 25ÀÏ »ç¸ÁÇÑ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ³ªÀÌ ¸¸ 49¼¼¿´´Ù.

±×´Â Çѵ¿¾È ÀØÇôÁø Àι°À̾ú´Ù. ±×·¯´Ù »çÈÄ 40¿© ³âÀÌ Áö³­ 1890³â´ë¿¡ µé¾î ¾Æ³ªÅ°½ºÆ®Áý´ÜÀ» ÅëÇØ ¡¶À¯ÀÏÀÚ¡·°¡ ³Î¸® ÀÐÈ÷¸é¼­ ´Ù½Ã ¼¼»óÀÇ ÁÖ¸ñÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹«¾ùº¸´Ù ±×ÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿Í Çй®Àû ¾÷ÀûÀÌ ¼¼»ó¿¡ ¾Ë·ÁÁö°Ô µÈ °ÍÀº ¸ÆÄÉÀÌ(John Henry Mackay) ´öºÐÀÌ´Ù. ¸ÆÄÉÀÌ´Â 1898³â ½´Æ¼¸£³ÊÀÇ ÀúÀÛ¹°µéÀ» ¸ð¾Æ¡¶¸·½º ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê ³í¹®¸ðÀ½ Á¦1Áý(Max Stirner's Kleinere Schriften und Entgegnungen auf die Kritik seines Werkes)¡·À», ±×¸®°í À̸¦ º¸ÃæÇÏ¿© Á¦2ÁýÀ» ¹ß°£ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ ´Ù¸¥ À̵鿡 ÀÇÇØ Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î º¸¿ÏµÇ¾ú´Ù(½´Æ¼¸£³Ê ÀúÀÛ¹° ¸ñ·Ï°ú ¿øº»Àº, https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Max_Stirner's_Kleinere_Schriften_und_Entgegnungen).

¿À´Ã³¯ ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â Çй®ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸í¼ºÀ» ¾ò°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ±×ÀÇ »ý¾ÖÀÇ ¸¹Àº ±â°£Àº Á¦´ë·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº ³»¿ëÀÌ ¸¹´Ù. ¸ÆÄÉÀÌÀÇ ³ë·Â¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ‘¿¡°íÀ̽ºÆ®’ ½´Æ¼¸£³ÊÀÇ »îÀÇ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀº ºÒºÐ¸íÇÑ Ã¤·Î ³²¾ÆÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸ÆÄÉÀÌ´Â, “±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡µµ ÀÌ¹Ì ¸Á°¢µÈ Á¸ÀçÀÎ ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´©°¡ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ Áõ¾ðÇÒ ¼ö Àְڴ°¡?”¸ç ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °íÃæÀ» Åä·ÎÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù(Á¤¹®±æ, 314ÂÊ¿¡¼­ ÀçÀοë).

½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â Æò»ýÀ» °íµ¶ÇÑ ‘¿¡°íÀ̽ºÆ®’·Î »ì´Ù°¡ °¬Áö¸¸¡¶À¯ÀÏÀÚ¡·¸¦ ÅëÇØ ±×°¡ ³²±ä Çй®Àû ¾÷Àû°ú ¿µÇâÀº Áö´ëÇÏ´Ù. ¿¨°Ö½º´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Èñ±ØÀû ½Ã “½Å¾ÓÀÇ ½Â¸®”¿¡¼­ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÎ ±×·ì <ÇÁ¶óÀÌ¿£>¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³­ ½´Æ¼¸£³ÊÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» ÀÌ·¸°Ô ³ë·¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù(¹ÚÁ¾¼º, 11ÂÊ¿¡¼­ ÀçÀοë).

“´çºÐ°£ ±×´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¸ÆÁÖ¸¦ µéÀÌÄÑ°í ÀÖ°ÚÁö¸¸
°ð ±×´Â ¹°Ã³·³ ÇǸ¦ ¸¶½Ç °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
“¿ÕÀ» ŸµµÇ϶ó”°í °ÅÄ¥°Ô ¿ÜÄ¡´Â ¼Ò¸®°¡ µé·Á¿À¸é,
½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â °ð À̸¦ ÷°¡ÇÏ¿©
“¹ý ¶ÇÇÑ Å¸µµÇ϶ó”°í ¿ÜÄ¥ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.“
¡¡¡¡

2. ‘À¯ÀÏÀÚ’ÀÇ °³³ä

¡¶À¯ÀÏÀÚ¿Í ±× ¼ÒÀ¯¡·¶ó´Â ÀÌ Ã¥ÀÇ Á¦¸ñ¿¡¼­ º¸µíÀÌ ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê »ç»óÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀº, ‘À¯ÀÏÀÚ’ÀÇ °³³äÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¡¶À¯ÀÏÀÚ¡·´Â 2ºÎ·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î Àִµ¥, ‘À¯ÀÏÀÚ(The Unique One)’ÀÇ Àǹ̿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â Á¦2ºÎ Á¦2Àå ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ(The Owner) Á¦3Àý ÀÚ±âÇâÀ¯(My Self-Enjoyment) ¸¶Áö¸· ¹®´Ü¿¡ ±â¼úµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.

“»ç¶÷µéÀº Ç×»ó ÀڽŠ¹Û¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¸íÀ» Àڽſ¡°Ô ºÎ¿©ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çß´Ù. ±×·± ¿¬À¯·Î ±×µéÀº ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ °ð Àΰ£(I am-man)À̱⠶§¹®¿¡ Àΰ£ÀÇ ±Ç¸®¸¦ ÁÖÀåÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¿ä±¸Çß´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ¸¶¹ýÀÇ ¿ø(ê­)ÀÌ´Ù. ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ¸ðµç »ç¶÷Àº ÀÚ¾ÆÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡ ÇÇÈ÷Å×ÀÇ ÀÚ¾Æ(Fichte's ego)µµ ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹Û¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °Í°ú µ¿ÀÏÇÑ º»ÁúÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸¸¾à ÀÌ ÀھƸ¸ÀÌ ±Ç¸®¸¦ °¡Áø´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀº “±× ÀھƔÀÌ°í, ÀÚ½ÅÀº Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷°ú µ¿ÀÏÇÑ Àھư¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ÀÚ¾Æ(the sole ego)´Ù. ³ª´Â À¯ÀÏÇÏ´Ù(I am unique). ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿å±¸¿Í ÇàÀ§µµ À¯ÀÏÇÏ´Ù. ¿äÄÁ´ë Àڽſ¡ °üÇÑ ¸ðµç °Í(ÀÏü)°¡ À¯ÀÏÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ÀÌ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀ¸·Î¼­¸¸ ÀÚ½ÅÀº ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯·Î ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ª´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀ¸·Î¸¸ ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ°í, ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¹ßÀü½ÃŲ´Ù. ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Àΰ£À» ¹ßÀü½ÃÅ°Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù¸é, Àΰ£À¸·Î¼­ ³ªÀÇ ¹ßÀüµµ ¾ø´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀ¸·Î¼­ ³ª´Â-³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¹ßÀü½ÃŲ´Ù.
ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ-À¯ÀÏÀÚÀÇ ÀǹÌÀÌ´Ù.”
*** (Max Stirner, p. 177.)

‘À¯ÀÏÀÚ’ÀÇ Àǹ̿¡ °üÇØ ¼³¸íÇÑ ´ÙÀ½ ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â À̾¡¶À¯ÀÏÀÚ¡·Á¦2ºÎ Á¦3Àå¿¡¼­ ‘À¯ÀÏÀÚ(The Unique One)’¶ó´Â º°µµÀÇ Á¦¸ñ ¾Æ·¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °ßÇظ¦ º¸´Ù ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÇ·ÂÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
 
½´Æ¼¸£³ÊÀÇ ¡¶À¯ÀÏÀÚ¡·´Â Àаí ÀÌÇØÇϱⰡ ½±Áö ¾Ê´Ù. ‘À¯ÀÏÀÚ’¸¦ ¶æÇÏ´Â µ¶ÀÏ¾î ‘Einzige’¿¡ ´ëÀÀÇÏ´Â ¿µ¾î Ç¥ÇöÀ¸·Î´Â ‘The Unique One’ÀÌ °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â º»¹®¿¡¼­ ‘ÀÚ¾Æ(Ego)’, ‘¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ(Owner)’, ‘¿¡°íÀ̽ºÆ®(Egoist)’ µîµµ À¯ÀÏÀÚÀÇ Àǹ̷Π»ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌó·³ ‘À¯ÀÏÀÚ’ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ¸íÈ®ÇÏ°Ô ÆľÇÇϱⰡ ½±Áö ¾ÊÁö¸¸ Å©°Ô µÎ °¡Áö Ư¡À» °¡Áö´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î Á¤¸®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù(±èÀº¼®, 115~116ÂÊ).

ù°, À¯ÀÏÀÚ´Â À¯ÀϹ«ÀÌÇÏ´Ù. ½´Æ¼¸£³ÊÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀ» ºô¸®¸é, À¯ÀÏÀÚ´Â “ÀüÁ¦µÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ÀüÁ¦”ÀÌ°í, ¸Å ¼ø°£ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ‘µå·¯³­ ³ª’, ‘¿µ¿øÈ÷ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ³ª, ’À¯ÇÑÇÑ ³ª‘ÀÌ´Ù. Áï, ±×´Â º¸ÆíÀû °ü³ä¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ’³ª‘°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Çö½Ç¿¡¼­ ½Çü·Î Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤ÀÇ ’³ª‘, Áï ’ÀϽÃÀû ³ª‘¸¦ À¯ÀÏÀÚ·Î º¸°í ÀÖ´Ù.

½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â ¿Ö À¯ÀÏÀÚÀÇ °³³äÀ» ²ø¾î¿ÔÀ»±î? ±×´Â À¯ÀÏÀÚ¿¡ °üÇÑ ³íÀǸ¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ´ç½Ã µ¶ÀÏ»çȸ¿¡ ¸¸¿¬ÇÏ´Â Ãß»óÀûÀÌ°í °ü³äÀûÀΠöÇÐ-ƯÈ÷ ½ÅÇÐÀû Çؼ®¿¡¼­ ¹þ¾î³ªÁö ¸øÇÑ º¸ÆíÀû À̼ºÁÖÀÇ-À» ºñÆÇÇÏ·Á´Â Àǵµ¸¦ ¼û±â°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ÀÌ Àǵµ´Â ÇÇÈ÷Å×(J.G. Fichte)ÀÇ ‘Àý´ëÀû ³ª(absolute ego; absoluten Ich)’¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆÇ¿¡¼­ ¿©½ÇÈ÷ µå·¯³­´Ù.

“ÇÇÈ÷Å×´Â ”³ª´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ´Ù(The ego is all; Das Ich ist Alles)“¶ó°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ Á¡¿¡¼­ ÀÌ ¸»Àº ³ªÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦¿Í ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Á¶È­¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ. ±×·¯³ª ‘³ª’´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ‘³ª’´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» Æı«Çϸç, ¿À·ÎÁö ‘µå·¯³­ ³ª’, ‘¿µ¿øÈ÷ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ³ª’, Áï ‘À¯ÇÑÇÑ ³ª’°¡ ¿ÀÁ÷ ½ÇüÀÇ ‘³ª’ÀÌ´Ù. ÇÇÈ÷Å×´Â ‘Àý´ëÀû ³ª’¸¦ ¸»ÇßÁö¸¸ ³ª´Â ‘ÀϽÃÀû ³ª’¸¦ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.”****(Max Stirner, p. 99.) (±èÀº¼®, 115~116ÂÊ¿¡¼­ ÀçÀοë)

äºÚ¸ñ¬ÑÎ ±³¼ö´Â, ½´Æ¼¸£³ÊÀÇ À¯ÀÏÀÚ °³³äÀº ±Ù´ë ½Ã¹Î»çȸ ¼º¸³ ÀÌÀüÀÇ ÁÖÀÎ-³ë¿¹¸¦ µÑ·¯½Ñ ÅõÀïÀÇ Â÷¿ø¿¡¼­ È®¸³µÈ ¿å¸ÁÀÇ ÀÚ±âÀǽÄÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù.

“ÀÌ Àǹ̿¡¼­ À¯ÀÏÀÚÀÇ ÀھƴÂ, Á¤½ÅºÐ¼®ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸»Çϸé, îñ-¾ð¾îÀûÀÌ°í, ¾ð¾îÁú¼­¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ºÐÀýÈ­µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â ê«-ÀھƴÙ. ¾ð¾îÇ¥Çö¸¸À¸·Î´Â ¼³¸íµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ º»´Ù¸é, À¯ÀÏÀÚ´Â “¾ðÇ¥(åëøú)µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â ³ª”, “Ùí”ÀÌ´Ù. ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â À¯ÀÏÀÚ¶ó´Â Âø»ó¿¡ ÀÇ°ÅÇÏ¿© µ¶ÀÏ°ü³ä·ÐÀÇ ÁÖ·ùÀû ¼ö¹ýÀÎ ³í¸®ÇÐÀû ȤÀº ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀû Á¢±Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °³³äÀû Æľǰú´Â ÀüÇô °ü°èÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â “Çö½ÇÀû °³Ã¼·Î¼­ÀÇ ÀھƔ¸¦ ÁÖÀåÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù(äºÚ¸ñ¬ÑÎ, p. 675).

µÑ°, À¯ÀÏÀÚ´Â ‘âÁ¶Àû ¹«(ȤÀº Ç㹫 the creative nothing; das schoperische Nichts)’ÀÌ´Ù. À¯ÀÏÀÚ¶õ ÀǽÄ, ¾ð¾î, °³³äÀÇ Â÷¿ø¿¡¼­¸¸ ¹Ù¶óº¸¸é, ±× °³³äÀ» Á¦´ë·Î ÆľÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¹Ç·Î “(Çã)¹«”¶ó°í ³«ÀÎÀ» Âï°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í´Â ´Þ¸® ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â “¹«”ÀÇ »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â À¯ÀÏÀÚÀÇ ÀھƸ¦ ¿ÀÈ÷·Á Àû±ØÀûÀ¸·Î “âÁ¶Àû ¹«”¶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù.

“... ±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â âÁ¶Àû Ùí´Ù. ±× Ùí·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀº âÁ¶Àڷμ­ ¸¸¹°À» âÁ¶ÇÑ´Ù.”

“... but I am the creative nothing, the nothing out of which I myself as creator create everything.” (Max Stirner, p. 18)

ÀÌó·³ ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê°¡ ¸»ÇÏ´Â ‘Ùí’´Â ¼Ò±ØÀû·ºÎÁ¤Àû ȤÀº °ú°ÅÁöÇâÀûÀÎ ‘Ç㹫’°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¿ÀÈ÷·Á À¯ÀÏÀÚÀÇ Àھƴ °ú°ÅÁöÇâÀûÀÎ µ¶ÀÏ °ü³ä·ÐÀû ÀÚÀ²°ü¿¡ ¹ÝÇÏ¿© ½ÇÁ¸ÀûÀÌ°í Àå·¡ÁöÇâÀûÀÎ ÀÚÀ²°üÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

“ÁÁ´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é ³ª¿Í °ü°èÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ü°è°¡ Àִ°¡? ´ç½ÅÀº ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ ”¼±ÇÑ ¿øÀÎ(good cause)“¸¸ÀÌ ³ª¿Í °ü°è¸¦ ¸Î¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çϴ°¡? ¹«¾ùÀÌ ¼±ÀÌ°í, ¶Ç ¹«¾ùÀÌ ¾ÇÀΰ¡? ¾î¶² ÀÌÀ¯·Î ³ª ÀڽŸ¸ÀÌ ³ª¿Í °ü°è¸¦ ¸Î¾î¾ß Çϴ°¡? ³ª´Â ¼±ÇÏÁöµµ, ¾ÇÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê´Ù. µÑ ´Ù ³»°Ô´Â Àǹ̰¡ ¾ø´Ù.”(Max Stirner, p. 18)

“½ÅÀÇ °ÍÀº ½ÅÀÇ °Í, Àΰ£ÀÇ °ÍÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ª´Â ½ÅÀÇ °ÍÀ̵ç Àΰ£ÀÇ °ÍÀÌµç ¾Æ¹«·± °ü°è°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ, ³ª´Â Áø¸®, ¼±, Á¤ÀÇ, ÀÚÀ¯ µî°úµµ °ü°è°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ³ª´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ³ª ÀڽŰú °ü°è°¡ ÀÖÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ³ª´Â º¸ÆíÀÚ(a general one)°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó À¯ÀÏÇÏ´Ù(unique). ³ª´Â À¯ÀÏÇÏ´Ù(I am unique).”(Max Stirner, p. 18)

“³ª´Â À¯ÀÏÇÏ´Ù!”
½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â Àΰ£À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ÃµÁö¸¸¹°À» âÁ¶ÇÑ °ÍÀº ½ÅÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ‘À¯ÀÏÀÚ’ÀÓÀ» ¼±¾ðÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·Î½á ‘Ã¢Á¶ÁÖ’ÀÎ ‘½Å’°ú °áº°ÇÏ°í, ‘À¯ÀÏÀÚ’ÀÇ ÀھƸ¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© »õ·Ó°Ô ¼¼»óÀ» âÁ¶ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î ‘À¯ÀÏÀÚ’´Â ‘âÁ¶Àû ÀΰÝÀ» °¡Áø ³ª’, Áï ‘ÀÚ±â âÁ¶Àû Àΰ£’ÀÌ´Ù. ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â¡¶À¯ÀÏÀÚ¡·¼­¹®ÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· ¹®´ÜÀ» ÀÌ ¸»·Î ³¡¸Î°í ÀÖ´Ù.

“³ª ÀÌ¿ÜÀÇ °ÍÀº ³ª Àڽſ¡°Ô´Â ¸ðµÎ Ùí´Ù!”
“Nothing is more to me than myself!”

½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â ¾î¶² ÀÌÀ¯·Î “Ù픶ó´Â À¯ÀÏÀÚÀÇ ÀھƸ¦ ÁÖÀåÇßÀ»±î? ÀÌ ÁÖÀåÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ±×´Â ¹Ì·¡ÁöÇâÀûÀÎ Àû±ØÀû ÀÚ¾ÆÁÖü¼ºÀ» µµÃâÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¼º°øÇßÀ»±î? ±×°¡ ÁÖÀåÇÑ ±¹°¡·Ð°ú ¿¡°íÀ̽ºÆ®¿¬ÇÕÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î »ìÆ캻´Ù.

°¢ÁÖ----
*
Àüµµ¼­ 1Àå 1ÀýÀÇ “ÇêµÇ°í ÇêµÇ´Ï ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ÇêµÇ´Ù(Vanitas vanitatum et omnia vanitas)”¸¦ ¶°¿Ã¸®°Ô ÇÏ´Â ÀÌ ¸»Àº ±«Å×ÀÇ ½Ã “Vanitas! Vanitatum Vanitas!”(I have set my affair on nothing)¿¡¼­ Âø¾ÈÇß´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.

VANITAS! VANITATUM VANITAS! by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe(1789)

MY trust in nothing now is placed,

Hurrah!
So in the world true joy I taste,

Hurrah!
Then he who would be a comrade of mine
Must rattle his glass, and in chorus combine,
Over these dregs of wine.
I placed my trust in gold and wealth,

Hurrah!
But then I lost all joy and health,

Lack-a-day!
Both here and there the money roll'd,
And when I had it here, behold,
From there had fled the gold!

I placed my trust in women next,

Hurrah!
But there in truth was sorely vex'd,

Lack-a-day!
The False another portion sought,
The True with tediousness were fraught,
The Best could not be bought.

My trust in travels then I placed,

Hurrah!
And left my native land in haste.

Lack-a-day!
But not a single thing seem'd good,
The beds were bad, and strange the food,
And I not understood.

I placed my trust in rank and fame,

Hurrah!
Another put me straight to shame,

Lack-a-day!
And as I had been prominent,
All scowl'd upon me as I went,
I found not one content.
I placed my trust in war and fight,

Hurrah!
We gain'd full many a triumph bright,

Hurrah!
Into the foeman's land we cross'd,
We put our friends to equal cost,
And there a leg I lost.

My trust is placed in nothing now,

Hurrah!
At my command the world must bow,

Hurrah!
And as we've ended feast and strain,
The cup we'll to the bottom drain;
No dregs must there remain!

** ¡¶À¯ÀÏÀÚ¿Í ±× ¼ÒÀ¯(Der Einzige und sein Eigenthum¡·´Â ¿µ¾î·Î ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¦¸ñÀ¸·Î ¹ø¿ªµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.¡¶The Ego and Its Own¡·,¡¶The Unique Individual and His Property¡·,¡¶The Single One and His Property¡·,¡¶The Individual and His Pereogative¡·µî(¹ÚÁ¾¼º ¹Ú»çÇÐÀ§³í¹®, 8ÂÊ). º»°í¿¡¼­´Â ´ÙÀ½ Ã¥À» Âü°íÇÏ¿´´Ù. Max Stirner, ¡¶The Ego and His Own¡·, Translated form the Germany by Steven T. Byington, With an Introduction by J.L. Walker, New York, Benj. R. Tucker, Publisher, 1907.

*** ¿µ¾î ¿ø¹®À» Âü°íÇ϶ó.
“People have always supposed that they must give me a destiny lying outside myself, so that at last they demanded that I should lay claim to the human because I am-man. This is the Christian magic circle. Fichte's ego too is the same essence outside me, for every one is ego; and, if only this ego has rights, then it is "the ego," it is not I. But I am not an ego along with other egos, but the sole ego: I am unique. Hence my wants too are unique, and my deeds; in short, everything about me is unique. And it is only as this unique I that I take everything for my own, as I set myself to work, and develop myself, only as this. I do not develop men, nor as man, but, as I, I develop-myself.
This is the meaning of the-unique one.”

**** ¿µ¾î¿ø¹®À» Âü°íÇ϶ó.
“When Fichte says, "The ego is all," this seems to harmonize perfectly with my thesis. But it is not that the ego is all, but the ego destroys all, and only the self-dissolving ego, the never-being ego, the-finite ego is really I. Fichte speaks of the "absolute" ego, but I speak of me, the transitory ego.”

 

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